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dc.contributor.authorYttri, Karl Espen
dc.contributor.authorCanonaco, Francesco
dc.contributor.authorEckhardt, Sabine
dc.contributor.authorEvangeliou, Nikolaos
dc.contributor.authorFiebig, Markus
dc.contributor.authorGundersen, Hans
dc.contributor.authorHjellbrekke, Anne-Gunn
dc.contributor.authorMyhre, Cathrine Lund
dc.contributor.authorPlatt, Stephen Matthew
dc.contributor.authorPrévôt, André S. H.
dc.contributor.authorSimpson, David
dc.contributor.authorSolberg, Sverre
dc.contributor.authorSurratt, Jason D.
dc.contributor.authorTørseth, Kjetil
dc.contributor.authorUggerud, Hilde Thelle
dc.contributor.authorVadset, Marit
dc.contributor.authorWan, Xin
dc.contributor.authorAas, Wenche
dc.date.accessioned2021-05-18T09:31:38Z
dc.date.available2021-05-18T09:31:38Z
dc.date.created2021-05-12T09:27:35Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.identifier.citationAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2021, 21, 7149-7170.en_US
dc.identifier.issn1680-7316
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/2755397
dc.description.abstractWe present 18 years (2001–2018) of aerosol measurements, including organic and elemental carbon (OC andEC), organic tracers (levoglucosan, arabitol, mannitol, trehalose, glucose, and 2-methyltetrols), trace elements, andions, at the Birkenes Observatory (southern Norway) – a site representative of the northern European region. The OC/EC (2001–2018) and the levoglucosan (2008–2018) time series are the longest in Europe, with OC/EC available for the PM10, PM2.5 (fine), and PM10–2.5 (coarse) size fractions, providing the opportunity for a nearly 2-decade-long assessment. Using positive matrix factorization (PMF), we identify seven carbonaceous aerosol sources at Birkenes: mineral-dust-dominated aerosol (MIN), traffic/industry-like aerosol (TRA/IND), short-range-transported biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOASRT), primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP), biomass burning aerosol (BB), ammonium-nitrate-dominated aerosol (NH4NO3), and (one low carbon fraction) sea salt aerosol (SS). We observed significant (p < 0.05), large decreases in EC in PM10 (−3.9 % yr−1) and PM2.5 (−4.2 % yr−1) anda smaller decline in levoglucosan (−2.8 % yr−1), suggesting that OC/EC from traffic and industry is decreasing, whereas the abatement of OC/EC from biomass burning has beenslightly less successful. EC abatement with respect to anthropogenic sources is further supported by decreasing EC fractions in PM2.5 (−3.9 % yr−1) and PM10(−4.5 % yr−1). PMF apportioned 72 % of EC to fossil fuel sources; this was further supported by PMF applied to absorption photometer data, which yielded a two-factor solution with alow aerosol Ångstrøm exponent (AAE=0.93) fraction, as-sumed to be equivalent black carbon from fossil fuel combustion (eBCFF), contributing 78 % to eBC mass. The higher AAE fraction (AAE=2.04) is likely eBC from BB (eBCBB). Source–receptor model calculations (FLEXPART) showed that continental Europe and western Russia were the main source regions of both elevated eBCBB and eBCFF. Dominating biogenic sources explain why there was no downward trend for OC. A relative increase in the OC fraction in PM2.5(+3.2 % yr−1) and PM10(+2.4 % yr−1) underscores the importance of biogenic sources at Birkene (BSOA and PBAP), which were higher in the vegetative season and dominated both fine (53 %) and coarse (78 %) OC. Furthermore, 77 %–91 % of OC in PM2.5, PM10–2.5, and PM10 was attributed to biogenic sources in summer vs. 22 %–37 % in winter. The coarse fraction had the highest share of biogenic sources regardless of season and was dominated by PBAP, except in winter. Our results show a shift in the aerosol composition at Birkenes and, thus, also in the relative source contributions. The need for diverse offline and online carbonaceous aerosol speciation to understand carbonaceous aerosol sources, including their seasonal, annual, and long-term variability, has been demonstrated.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.rightsNavngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no*
dc.titleTrends, composition, and sources of carbonaceous aerosol at the Birkenes Observatory, northern Europe, 2001–2018en_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holder© Author(s) 2021.en_US
dc.source.pagenumber7149-7170en_US
dc.source.volume21en_US
dc.source.journalAtmospheric Chemistry and Physicsen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.5194/acp-21-7149-2021
dc.identifier.cristin1909578
dc.relation.projectMiljødirektoratet: 17078061en_US
dc.relation.projectNILU: 7726
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextoriginal
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